Part One
l After
World War I, the world was divided into two camps
l Countries
satisfied with the Versailles
treaty
l Countries
upset with the Versailles treaty
l Throughout
the 1930s aggressive dictators
challenged the resolve of peace seeking
democracies.
l Dictators
viewed democracies failure to respond
with force as weakness
and responded with further acts of
aggression.
l By
the 1930s military leaders
seeking to build a large Japanese empire controlled Japan.
l In
1931, Japan invaded Manchuria.
l When
the League of Nations condemned
the aggression, Japan withdrew from the
organization.
l When
Japan took over much of eastern China in 1937, the League of Nations
once again took little action.
Italy
l In
1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia.
l The
League of Nations placed sanctions
against Italy, which were not enforced.
l Sanction—penalties
l Without
the support of the League of Nations, Ethiopia fell to Italy in 1936.
Germany
l Adolf
Hitler also took advantage of the League of Nations resistance to use force by violating several terms of the hated
Versailles treaty.
l First,
Hitler built up the German military.
l Then,
in 1936, he sent troops into the
Rhineland.
l Rhineland—Demilitarized area
bordering France.
l Western
democracies adopted a policy of appeasement
l Appeasement—Giving
into the demands of an aggressor to keep peace.
l Reason
for Appeasement
l Britain
and France were still ailing from World
War I adopted a policy of sanctions and did not want to become involved in further conflict.
l Pacifism—Opposition to all war.
l Many
people across Britain believed that the Versailles treaty was too harsh and that the actions of
Hitler were therefore justifiable.
l Britain
and France feared Communism and
viewed Italy and Germany as a potential
defense against the spread of
Communism.
l As
war clouds gathered the U.S. maintained isolation
from Europe.
l Rome-Berlin-Tokyo
Axis
l Italy, Germany and Japan formed an alliance in defiance of western
democracies.
l The
Axis powers agreed to fight Soviet
communism.
l Spanish
Civil War
l In
1936, Spanish general Francisco Franco
led a revolt against the Spanish government, leading to a bloody civil war.
l Germany
and Italy sent forces to help Franco
overthrow the Spanish government
l Britain,
France and the United States remained neutral.
l Germany
used the Spanish Civil War to prepare
and test the German military for
possible war.
l Largely
due to German and Italian support Franco
triumphed in Spain and quickly began his own reign of terror.
l In
1938, Hitler once again violated
the Versailles Treaty and took over his
homeland of Austria.
l Anschluss—Union of Austria and
Germany
l Despite
a brief war scare the western
allies took no action.
l Next,
Hitler demanded that the Sudetenland be given
to Germany.
l Sudetenland—A region of western
Czechoslovakia which included three million Germans
l In
September 1938, Britain and France met Hitler at the Munich Conference.
l France
and Britain gave into Hitler’s demands
and persuaded the Czechoslovakia to surrender the Sudetenland without a fight.
l In
return, Hitler promised that he had no
further plans to expand his territory.
l By
March 1939, Hitler overtook the rest of Czechoslovakia.
l Nazi-Soviet
Pact
l Rivals
Hitler and Stalin signed a nonaggression pact and made plans to
overrun eastern Europe together.
l Invasion
of Poland
l On
September 1, 1939, one week after signing to Nazi-Soviet Pact, Germany invaded
Poland.
l Britain
and France declared war on Germany
two days later.
World War Two
Part Two
A.
Anschluss-unification of Austria and
Germany
B.
Britain and France met with Hitler
during the Munich Conference
C.
Nazi-Soviet Pact is announced
D.
Hitler takes over Czechoslovakia
E.
Invasion of Poland
F.
Rebuilds German military
G.
Send troops into the Rhineland
l Invasion
of Poland
l September
1, 1939 – Germany attacked Poland without declaring war.
l Germany
used a “blitzkrieg” strategy meaning “lightening warfare”
l The
invasion of Poland caused Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany.
l Neville
Chamberlain would soon be replaced by Winston Churchill as Prime Minister of
Great Britain.
l Russia
followed Germany’s lead and attacked Poland.
l Within
a month, Germany and Russia had taken over Poland.
l Battle
of France
l France
built a series of defensive fortifications 200 mile long called the Maginot
Line along the French-German border.
l Designed
to protect France against a German invasion.
l 1940
– Germany avoided the Maginot Line by moving through the heavily wooded forest
near Belgium.
l
l Since
the Germans went through the Ardennes Forest, they were met with very little
opposition.
l The
quickly moving German army surrounding French and British troops along the
French side of the English Channel.
l Miracle
at Dunkirk
l This
evacuation provided the British forces with a temporary morale boost.
l However,
this morale boost would be short-lived.
l In
June 1940, France fell to Hitler.
l French
government went into exile in Great Britain under the control
of General Charles de Gaulle.
l With
France nearly defeated, Mussolini of Italy declared war on France and Great
Britain.
l Battle
of Britain
l After
France fell to Germany only Britain remained.
l Adolf
Hitler opted not to
invade Great Britain, fearing the superiority of the British navy.
l Rather,
Adolf Hitler decided to bomb Great Britain into submission using the German Air
Force, the Luftwaffe.
l Most
of these bombing focused on London.
l Great
Britain used good intelligence information and radar to help them hold off the
German attacks.
l Great
Britain’s RAF gained superiority over Germany’s Luftwaffe.
l After
several months, Adolf Hitler abandoned his attacks on London and focused his
attention the Soviet Union.
l Following
the German defeat at the Battle of Britain, Churchill rallied the free world
against Germany.
l For
the first time, the US began to believe that Britain could win the war.
l This
prompted the U.S. to become more involved in World War II.
A.
Anschluss-unification of Austria and
Germany
B.
Britain and France met with Hitler
during the Munich Conference
C.
Nazi-Soviet Pact is announced
D.
Hitler takes over Czechoslovakia
E.
Invasion of Poland
F.
Rebuilds German military
G.
Send troops into the Rhineland
l Hitler
attacks Stalin
l Operation
Barbarossa
l Following
the German defeat at the Battle of Britain, Adolf Hitler focused his attention
on conquering the Soviet Union.
l Despite
the Nazi Soviet Pact, Germany attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941
using 3 million soldiers.
l The
Soviet Union was not prepared for war,
most of its top officers were killed
during the Great Purge.
l The
Soviet Union once again used the “scorched
earth policy”
l Scorched
earth policy—Burning crops and destroying all building and equipment while
retreating.
l However,
Germany was not prepared for the winter
weather.
l Germany
was forced to retreat while
thousands of soldier froze to
death.
l Battle
of Stalingrad
l In
1942, Hitler launched a new offensive against the Soviet city of Stalingrad.
l This
battle became one of the bloodiest conflicts in history.
l Germany
began the invasion Stalingrad by bombing
the city.
l This,
however, was a huge mistake.
l The
ruins from the bombings were so severe that the Germans struggled to enter the city.
l The
battle was fought in the streets, in houses and even in the sewer.
l People
on both sides were without food
or shelter as winter closed in.
l Eventually,
the German commander went against Hitler’s orders and surrendered to the Russians.
l Following
the Battle of Stalingrad, Russia launched an offensive, driving back German forces.
l Following
the Battle of Britain, the United States became more involved in the war.
l The
United States became the “arsenal for democracy” by providing financial aid and
weapons to those who were fighting against Germany, Italy and Japan.
l Fearing
German submarine attacks and wanting to avoid war, the U.S. adopted a “cash and
carry” policy.
l This
policy maintained the neutrality of the U.S. while providing Britain with the
necessary war supplies needed to fight against Germany.
l Cash and Carry—The U.S. would sell
war materials to feuding countries who would pick up the cargo using their own
ships and pay for the material immediately
l As
Great Britain and other European nations neared bankruptcy, the U.S. introduced
the “Lend-Lease” program.
Lend-Lease Act—The U.S. provides the Allies with war material without cost. However, materials must be either destroyed or returned following the war.
Lend-Lease Act—The U.S. provides the Allies with war material without cost. However, materials must be either destroyed or returned following the war.
l On
December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked the American naval fleet at Pearl
Harbor, Hawaii.
l The
caused the United States to declare war on Japan as well as Germany and Italy.
l North
African Campaign
l Following
the Battle of Britain fighting in Africa picked up.
l Britain
and Italy fought for key resources in Africa such as iron and oil.
l Upset
by Italy’s lack of success, Hitler sent the “Afrika Korp” to help Italy.
l The
German “Afrika Korps” were led by “Desert Fox” Erwin Rommel
l The
British army was led by General Bernard Montgomery
l The
America army was led by Generals Dwight Eisenhower and George Patton.
l By
1943, the Allies won several victories in Africa that would push back the Axis
powers.
l Victory
in North Africa helped the Allies enter Italy
l Invasion
of Italy
l In
July 1943, the Allies landed first in Sicily and then in southern Italy.
l The
Italian forces were quickly defeated.
l Benito
Mussolini was overthrown and the new Italian government was created.
l Germany
was forced to send troops to defend Italy, weakening Germany elsewhere.
l Battle
of Normandy
l By
1944, the Allies were ready to open another front in Europe—with the invasion
of France.
l American
general Dwight Eisenhower was made supreme commander.
l On
June 6, 1944, the Allies invaded France.
This became known as D-Day.
l The
attack came as a surprise to the Germans.
l The
Allies eventually clawed through the hedges of Normandy.
l After
breaking through the Allies quickly advanced, entering Paris on August 25,
1945.
l The
Allies could now turn their attention to conquering Germany itself and then
defeating Japan.
l World
War Two
l The
Battle of Normandy ended in disaster
for Germany.
l Allied
forces quickly moved through France
toward Germany.
l Battle
of the Bulge
l In
December 1944, Germany launched a massive
counterattack, known as the Battle
of the Bulge.
l Germany
was able to delay the Allied advance,
but was unable to break through
enemy lines.
l Germany
was on the decline, facing
round-the-clock bombings and assassination attempts.
l By
March, Britain and the United States had entered German territory from the west.
l The
Soviet Union closed in on Berlin from
the east.
l Battle
of Berlin
l By
the time the Soviet Union entered the German capital of Berlin, Germany was completely depleted.
l Berlin
was left to be defended by the police,
World War I veterans and the Hitler Youth.
l As
Soviet troops fought their way
into the city, Hitler committed suicide
in an underground bunker.
l On
May 7, 1945 Germany surrendered.
l The
war in Europe officially ended the next day, known as V-E Day (Victory in Europe)
World War TWO
Pacific Theatre
l Fighting
in the Pacific Theatre was initially dominated by Japan.
l By
May 1942, Japan had gained control of most of southwest Asia, including the
Philippines.
l The
Japanese killed hundreds of American and 10,000 Filipino soldiers during the 68
mile Bataan Death March.
l By
June 1942, the Americans began to gain the advantage.
l Following
the Battle of Midway, the Americans were able to take the offensive.
l America
began an “island hopping” strategy.
l Island-hopping—Attacking
strategically important islands, while bypassing more heavily defended Japanese
islands.
l Following
the defeat of Germany, America began focusing on Japan.
l Most
of the Japanese navy and air force had been destroyed.
l However,
the Japanese army still possessed over 2 million men.
l As
America approached mainland Japan, each battle seemed to result in the loss of
more American lives than the previous battle.
l At
Iwo Jima and Okinawa, the Japanese had shown that they would rather fight to
the death, rather than surrender.
l By
1944, the Japanese had begun using kamikaze pilots.
l Kamikaze—Pilots
who purposely crashed their airplanes into American warships.
l American
officials estimated that invading Japan would result in over one million
casualties
l July
1945, Allied scientists successfully tested the first atomic bomb, allowing
America another way to win the war.
l At
the Potsdam Conference, the U.S. demanded that Japan surrender or face “utter
and complete destruction”
l After
Japan refused to surrender, Truman authorized the use of the atomic bomb
against Japan.
l On
August 6, 1945 and August 9, 1945 the United States dropped an atomic bomb on
Japan at Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
l On
August 9, 1945 the Soviet Union declared war on Japan.
l On
August 14, 1945 Japan surrendered.
l This
became known as V-J Day.
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